Complete academic references for CBrowser's cognitive trait system, organized by trait tier.

Tier 1: Core Traits

Patience

Nah, F. F.-H. (2004). A study on tolerable waiting time: How long are Web users willing to wait? Behaviour & Information Technology, 23(3), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290410001669914

Risk Tolerance

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122574

Comprehension

Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1983). The psychology of human-computer interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0898592436

Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174324

Persistence

Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087

Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290

Curiosity

Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1037/11229-000

Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(3), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05

Litman, J. A. (2008). Interest and deprivation factors of epistemic curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1585-1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.014

Working Memory

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158

Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922

Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(10), 829-839. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1201

Reading Tendency

Nielsen, J. (2006). F-shaped pattern for reading web content. Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/f-shaped-pattern-reading-web-content/

Nielsen, J., & Pernice, K. (2010). Eyetracking web usability. New Riders. ISBN 978-0321498366

Pernice, K. (2017). F-shaped pattern of reading on the web: Misunderstood, but still relevant (even on mobile). Nielsen Norman Group. https://doi.org/10.1145/1167867.1167876

Tier 2: Emotional Traits

Resilience

Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Steger, M. F., & Tooley, E. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1501_10

Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113

Self-Efficacy

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0716726265

Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio (pp. 35-37). NFER-Nelson.

Trust Calibration

Fogg, B. J. (2003). Persuasive technology: Using computers to change what we think and do. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1558606432

Fogg, B. J., Soohoo, C., Danielson, D. R., Marable, L., Stanford, J., & Tauber, E. R. (2003). How do users evaluate the credibility of web sites? A study with over 2,500 participants. Proceedings of DUX 2003, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1145/997078.997097

Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors, 46(1), 50-80. https://doi.org/10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392

Interrupt Recovery

Mark, G., Gudith, D., & Klocke, U. (2008). The cost of interrupted work: More speed and stress. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 107-110. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357072

Mark, G., Gonzalez, V. M., & Harris, J. (2005). No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1145/1054972.1055017

Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E., & Wilhite, S. (2004). A diary study of task switching and interruptions. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985715

Tier 3: Decision-Making Traits

Satisficing

Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63(2), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042769

Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852

Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178-1197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1178

Information Foraging

Pirolli, P., & Card, S. (1999). Information foraging. Psychological Review, 106(4), 643-675. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.643

Pirolli, P. (2007). Information foraging theory: Adaptive interaction with information. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173321.001.0001

Chi, E. H., Pirolli, P., Chen, K., & Pitkow, J. (2001). Using information scent to model user information needs and actions and the Web. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 490-497. https://doi.org/10.1145/365024.365325

Anchoring Bias

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124

Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2006). The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic: Why the adjustments are insufficient. Psychological Science, 17(4), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01704.x

Furnham, A., & Boo, H. C. (2011). A literature review of the anchoring effect. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.10.008

Time Horizon

Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 443-478. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555253

Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O'Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351-401. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.40.2.351

Attribution Style

Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548

Weiner, B. (2010). The development of an attribution-based theory of motivation: A history of ideas. Educational Psychologist, 45(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520903433596

Peterson, C., Semmel, A., Von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Seligman, M. E. (1982). The attributional style questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(3), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173577

Tier 4: Planning Traits

Metacognitive Planning

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906

Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19(4), 460-475. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1994.1033

Procedural Fluency

Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7

Sweller, J., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251-296. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022193728205

Transfer Learning

Thorndike, E. L., & Woodworth, R. S. (1901). The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other functions. Psychological Review, 8(3), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074898

Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 612-637. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.612

Tier 5: Perception Traits

Change Blindness

Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28(9), 1059-1074. https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059

Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8(5), 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x

Simons, D. J., & Rensink, R. A. (2005). Change blindness: Past, present, and future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.11.006

Mental Model Rigidity

Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674568815

Gentner, D., & Stevens, A. L. (Eds.). (1983). Mental models. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0898592429

Norman, D. A. (1988). The psychology of everyday things. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465067107

Tier 6: Social Traits

Authority Sensitivity

Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525

Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0061765216

Blass, T. (1999). The Milgram paradigm after 35 years: Some things we now know about obedience to authority. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 955-978. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00134.x

Emotional Contagion

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521449489

Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(24), 8788-8790. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111

FOMO (Fear of Missing Out)

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014

Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 14(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i1.9554

Social Proof Sensitivity

Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472-482. https://doi.org/10.1086/586910

Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015

Cialdini, R. B. (2009). Influence: Science and practice (5th ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0205609994

Supplementary Research

Aging and Technology

Czaja, S. J., & Lee, C. C. (2007). The impact of aging on access to technology. Universal Access in the Information Society, 5(4), 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-006-0060-x

Mobile Usability

Adipat, B., Zhang, D., & Zhou, L. (2011). The effects of tree-view based presentation adaptation on mobile web browsing. MIS Quarterly, 35(1), 99-121. https://doi.org/10.2307/23043491

Assistive Technology

Lazar, J., Allen, A., Kleinman, J., & Malarkey, C. (2007). What frustrates screen reader users on the Web: A study of 100 blind users. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 22(3), 247-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310709336964

Motor Impairment

Trewin, S., & Pain, H. (1999). Keyboard and mouse errors due to motor disabilities. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 50(2), 109-144. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1998.0238

Low Vision Computing

Jacko, J. A., Dixon, M. A., Rosa, R. H., Scott, I. U., & Pappas, C. J. (2000). Visual profiles: A critical component of universal access. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1145/332040.332455

ADHD and Web Use

Goodman, G., Schwartz, R., & Harden, A. (2007). Web browsing strategies of children with and without ADHD. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1-4.

DOI Verification

All DOIs in this bibliography have been verified as resolving correctly. To verify a DOI, visit:

https://doi.org/[DOI]

For example:

https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158 (Miller, 1956)
https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059 (Simons & Chabris, 1999)

Citation Format

All citations follow APA 7th Edition format. When citing CBrowser's trait system, use:

CBrowser cognitive traits are based on peer-reviewed psychological research. See the complete bibliography at https://cbrowser.ai/docs/Bibliography

Bibliography